End+of+an+Era

End of an Era When Napoleon king of Italy, French armies spread the idea of revolution across Europe. In some places, they helped install revolutionary governments and abolished titles of nobilty, ended church privages, opened careers to men with tallents, and ended surfdom and monorial dues. During the time of Napoleon nationalism spread across france and brought their armies sucess. But this worked against them. Many Europeans who like the idea of the Frence revolution Napoleon's armies as foreign opposers. __**Resistance in spain**__ In 1803, Britain started a war on the seas because of Napoleon’s aggressive behavior. Then two years later Russia and Australia joined the British. Napoleon soon forgot his plans to invade England and sent armies against the Austro-Russian forces. He then defeated them in the battle of Austerlitz in 1805. In 1806, he sized the kingdom of Naples and made his brother, Joseph King of Spain. He also turned the Dutch Republic into the kingdom of Holland for his other brother, Louis, and created the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1807, Napoleon seized Portugal, and when Joseph came to Spain, a rebellion was started called the Peninsular War. The British helped the Spanish and guerillas. Napoleon continued to look for new conquest. When Alexander first of Russia resigned from the Continental system. Napoleon assembled his grand army and invaded Russia. His grand army was made of about 600,000 soldiers. Winter came sooner in Russia then Napoleon expected, and he realized that he could not feed the soldiers and his soldiers were not dressed for the weather. They started the 1,000 mile journey home. When they returned home only about 100,000 soldiers of his grand army survived. Napoleon's reputation for succes was ruined. And in 1815, Napoleon’s last battle in Belgium ended in defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. He surrendered to the British captain of the battleship “Bellerophon”. From 1799 to 1815 Napoleon ruled France and Europe. His real name was Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born on the French-ruled island of Casica in the Mediterranean. His family was poor minor nobles. He favored the Jacobins and Republicans rule. He was sent to France to be trained for a military career. In December of 1793, he drove British forces out of the French port of Toulon. He had seven victories against the Austrians, capturing most of the northern Italy and forcing the Hapsburg emperor to make peace. He was hoping to disrupt British trade with India; he also led a colorful expedition to Egypt in 1798. By 1799, he moved from victorious general to the political leader. In that year he helped overthrow the weak directory and set up a three-man governing board, the Consulate. Napoleon took the title for the first consul in 1802. He then named himself consul for life. Napoleon had held a plebiscite ballot in which voters say "yes" or "no" to an issue. To restore prosperity, Napoleon then modernized finance, he regulated the economy to control prices, encourage new industry, and built roads and canals. To ensure well-trained officials, he promoted a system of public schools under strict government control. He made peace with the Catholic church in the Concordat of 1801. The Napoleonic code embodied enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit. The women lost most of their newly gained rights under this new code. Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire and created a thirty-eight member Confederation of the Rhine under French protection. Napoleon was called the “Corsican Upstart" by enemies.
 * __Challenges to Napoleon's Empire__**
 * __Defeat in__** **__Russia__**
 * __The Age of Napoleon Begins__**

The Vienna congress was opened on October 1st 1814 after the fall of Napoleon. All of the European states had to participate in the Congress. This congress was meant to "bring back the old times." There were four decisions meant to 'guide' the decisions and changes that the Vienna settlement brought about. They were, restoring the balance of power, the containment of France, the bring back of good rulers and rewarding and punishing the people who were involved in the Napoleonic Wars, depending which side they had fought on.
 * __The Vienna Congress__**

In France, the French armies spread the ideas of the revolution across Europe under the control of Napoleon. They supported liberal reforms in the lands they conquered. Pacemakers redrew the map of Europe and ringed France with strong countries. They added Belgium and Luxembourg to Holland to create the kingdom of the Netherlands in the North. Peacemakers gave Prussia land along the Rhine River to prevent France to expand eastward. They also gave Australia control over Northern Italy. These changes were made because the victorious side of the Napoleonic Wars persuaded their national interests. All great powers agreed that a balance of powers was needed but they didn't know how to come about doing it. All of their ideas differed which created problems. France needed to be contained, and the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, and replaced with weaker, smaller German states, and Prussia strengthened. In 1792 architects of the peace promoted the principle of legitimacy; restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated. They restored "legitimacy" monarchs in Portugal, Spain, and the Italian States.
 * __Challenges to Napoleon's Empire__**
 * __Balance of powers__**
 * __Stability__**

"The people rebelled against the monarchy and caused the English monarchs to lose all power and control over the people. "The French Revolution was a step towards replacing traditional aristocratic forms of government with more open, elective systems. Along with the American Revolution, it inspired reformers throughout the western world."

__Sources:__ Ellis, Elisabeth G., and Anthoney Esler. __World History Connections Today__. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997. 498-503.

"French Revolution." __Britannica__. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 15 Oct. 2007 .

"French Revolution." __MSN__. 2007. Microsoft. 16 Oct. 2007 .



Quote:http://www.angelfire.com/va/frenchrev/revolution.html